How Fluoride Works to Prevent Tooth Decay

Fluoride is the fluorine ion added to toothpaste and dental rinses to help protect your teeth from cavities. While increasing the concentration of systemic fluoride (e.g., through fluoridating drinking water) has not been proven to reduce the incidence of tooth decay, direct contact between fluoride and teeth strengthens and helps remineralize damaged enamel. The Chemistry Behind Dental Health The calcium and phosphate compound which makes up tooth enamel is a modified form of hydroxyapatite, which is susceptible to attack by acids. Bacteria that thrive on the sugars found in the mouth multiply on dental surfaces and produce acids. Mechanical brushing of teeth dislodges these bacteria and rinses them away, but doesnt do anything to address the ongoing damage to enamel from acid exposure. Fortunately, saliva neutralizes these acids and teeth use compounds found in saliva to remineralize the enamel. So, as long as the rate of demineralization and the rate of remineralization remain in balance, teeth remain strong and healthy. When more minerals are lost from teeth than are replaced, dental caries or cavities form. Fluoride helps by interacting with hydroxyapatite to form a stronger compound that is less susceptible to acid attack. Also, fluoride remineralizes damaged enamel (though it cant fix a cavity once one has formed). There is some evidence fluoride may inhibit the growth of bacteria on teeth or limit their capacity for producing acid. Even though you spit out toothpaste and probably rinse your mouth, enough fluoride remains on your teeth and in your saliva to confer protection for a while after brushing your teeth or using a fluoridated rinse.

The Debate on Wage - 1175 Words

The Debate on Wage The debate on wage is something that has become known as what I could call a very â€Å"fluent† topic among voices of people that live in the United States today. People that walk and live within the borders of this beautiful country are crying out for help from any state or government official who is willing to lend an ear and listen to what is really happening behind these closed doors. How is a family supposed to survive off a minimum wage salary and be able to support the activities and daily functions that occur in life without having the proper funds to spare? Or how is a single mother such as myself, who is trying to put herself through college, work a full time job and struggling to make ends meet, supposed to get by when the salary that is being taken home, isn’t enough to even be able to put proper food on the table. We need to be able to come together during this struggle and come up with a compromise that could work for the system and the people. I side with raising the minimum wage within these sheltering borders and feel that the reasons behind my decisions make that unmistakable. What some fail to realize is, is that, someone who works full time at a minimum wage paying job is only making around $14,500 a year. (http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2013/07/24/2346781/five-reasons-to-raise-the-minimum-wage-right-now/) This wage is barely enough to even be able to make rent each month let alone live and support anyone off of it. We are goingShow MoreRelatedThe Debate On Minimum Wage907 Words   |  4 PagesThe minimum wages are supposed to ensure the hourly wage workers are able to earn enough money to support themselves with the cost of living. Over the years, the cost of living keeps increasing every year due to the inflation and yet the minimum wages have not been changed since 2007. The minimum wages should be increasing along with inflation rates so that way we can ensure that our hourly wage workers have ability to support themselves. In the past nine years, according to Bureau of Labor StatisticsRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Debate870 Words   |  4 PagesThe minimum wage debate has recently made a large comeback in United States politics. Contemporary studies show over 3.8 million Americans are paid at or below minimum wage (Dickinson 33). Many have looked skeptically back on past wage systems and have questioned wage’s relationship to current market inflation. In response to this inquiry, a large majority of the general population, relatively unrelated to their degree of income, support legislation to increase the minimum. However, the issue hasRead MoreThe Debate Over The Minimum Wage Debate1737 Words   |  7 Pagesduring Carnegie’s time and would mark the very beginning of long and difficult process to achieve worker’s rights that still continue to this day. The minimum wage debate is without a doubt part of these negotiations and has taken the spotlight in recent years. There are two sides to the minimum wage debate: the employees fighting for higher wages who would like to earn enough to keep food on the tabl e for their family, and the employer who is doing what they can to keep costs low and ensure that theRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Debate1637 Words   |  7 PagesThe minimum wage debate brings about a range of reactions from different people. There are those who believe that there shouldn’t even be a minimum wage and that wages should be determined by the markets. On the other hand, we have those who vigorously argue for increasing the wage minimum citing inflation, the poverty line and worker productivity. Regardless, we do have a federal minimum wage rate in the United States at $7.25 per hour, with some states having a higher minimum wage than the federalRead MoreThe Debate Over Minimum Wage940 Words   |  4 Pages The debate on raising the minimum wage has been discussed in detail in Congress for the past eighteen months. But as of late, writer William Finnegan suggests, it is â€Å"among the many urgent issues that it [Congress] certainly won’t address.† Though this issue is important, Congress seems to be putting off making any real decision in regards to raising the minimum wage. The bill to raise minimum wage from $7.25 per hour to $10.10 and hour over a two year period had been thrown around for monthsRead MoreThe Debate Of Raising Minimum Wage1910 Words   |  8 PagesDebate of Raising Minimum Wage Raising minimum wage has been an ongoing issue for many years. Similar to every debatable issue, pros and cons are inevitable. In the United States, minimum wage started when the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) was passed and minimum wage started at 25 cents per hour. The purpose of setting a minimum wage is to set a maximum workweek and to eliminate child labor. It is defined to be the least amount of money employers are obligated to pay their employees byRead MoreThe Debate of Increasing Miniumum Wage713 Words   |  3 Pages the minimum wage has been on going topic that the economists and the policy makers has been debating on. Indeed, It is still an open issue and the policy makers still debating on increasing it. The first Country that passed the minimum wage policy was New Zealand in 1984, and a lot country followed. President Roosevelt passed the first minimum wage in 1938, the minimum wage was 0.25 when the Roosevelt passed, and it has been increased as the living ex pense went up. The minimum wage is measured onRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Debate ( Hassett Strain )973 Words   |  4 Pagesthink about minimum wage and what our belief on raising it is, most people think one of two things. People hold to the belief that a raise to the minimum wage good for the economy or it is bad for the economy. The authors of â€Å"the minimum wage debate† (Hassett Strain, 2013) would attempt to have us look at the debate in another way. In their article they use a number of rhetorical techniques on us to try and have the reader examine why they are in favor of a raise in the minimum wage. Are we in favorRead MoreThe Debate Over The Federal Minimum Wage2149 Words   |  9 PagesOver the past few years the debate over the raise of the federal minimum wage of the current $7.25 has been argued by both sides, whether it should be raised or not. With both side, the affirmative and negative making strong arguments for their side. We will take a look at how ea ch side frames their issues as how well their counterpart can refute those claims. The affirmative would like to propose the raise of the federal minimum wage to $12.00 by the year 2020; this is the standard that most statesRead MoreEssay on The Debate over Raising the Minimum Wage1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe federal minimum wage was raised to $7.25 an hour by Congress in 2009, something that has been carried out only a handful of times since the establishment of the wage in the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938. Even with this modest rise in income, the minimum wage today does not provide for a decent standard of living. It has failed to keep pace with the wage growth of an average American worker. The minimum wage was intended provide a minimum standard of living; to aid in alleviating poverty

King Louis Xiv of France Free Essays

Absolute monarchs had a significant impact on European history and the way their nation lives today. Absolute monarchs had control over political, social and religious aspects of their nation’s life. Absolute monarch had a positive and negative effect on society and European history. We will write a custom essay sample on King Louis Xiv of France or any similar topic only for you Order Now From 1550 to 1800 was a time known as the Age of Absolute Monarchs. The Age of Absolute Monarchs was a period of European history when monarch had total control over laws and the power of their nation. Some well know absolute monarchs during this time period are Phillip II, Maria Theresa, King John, and Peter the Grate. An absolute monarch is a king or queen who has total control over all aspects of society. Another absolute monarch is Louis XIV. Louis XIV was born on September 5, 1638 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He stated to ruling at only age 13 and was also engaged in the Franco-Spanish war. When he was 22 he got married to Maria-Theresa which helped him become the most powerful monarch in Europe. During the first 20 years of Louis XIV ruling he make many contributions and achievements. Some contributions he made is that he helped build up Frances military and invaded the Spanish Netherlands . He also helped promote art such as , music, architecture, painting, and sculpture. and managed to reduce Frances taxes. Louis XIV also help stabilized France by building up its power. Louis XIV also had some negatives effects on France. One negative impact he had on France is that he lead France into debt. He also demanded that the nation convert to catholic or else he would leave France. A positive effect is that Louis the Great had was that he reduced France’s taxes and had a major impact on the arts. Absolute monarchs had a significant impact on European society. Their total control over their nation allowed them to make positive and negative choices that effect the way their nation lives today. The paragraphs above show how Louis XIV contributed to European history. How to cite King Louis Xiv of France, Papers

Colonial Effect on Native Americans free essay sample

During the colonial era European emigrants had a dramatic influence on the native people living on the North American continent. Previous to the arrival of the colonists the native people had enjoyed their own culture, customs and way of life. Many lived in smaller settlements spread far apart across the American continents. In their culture the men hunted for game while the women played the role of farmers. The men in comparison to the English aristocracy worked harder and the women could own land. Personal possessions were limited to only what could be carried due to a nomadic lifestyle. Throughout the hundreds of years that the native people had been around they had become accustomed to their lifestyle; however that was all about to change. Making the journey across the ocean was not just the Europeans but their own unique culture that was shockingly different from that of the natives. According to European Christian views man was given by god, the right to rule over everything in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Colonial Effect on Native Americans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This right, to the settlers, also included the Indians because the bible says nothing about them. To the settlers the Indians were obviously subpar and therefore could be dealt with however they pleased. Christian and Amerindian views are so unrelated that they are hardly comparable. To the Indian Christians worshipped their deity by eating him instead of making sacrifices to him. While to the Christians the Aztecs seemed to be devil worshippers who engaged in cannibalism, human sacrifice had skull racks and decorated their temples with snake motifs. Because of their â€Å"god given dominance† the settlers believed that they could force upon the Indians the Christian religion. The the action of forcing upon the Indians Christianity caused a substantial social and cultural upheaval. In European culture the men would farm, hunt and gather to provide for the family and when the settlers arrived in the Americas they proceeded to force the Indians to change their way of life. To the Indians farming was for the women and therefore to be forced to farm by the settlers made the Indians feel that they had been reduced in status. Many battles were fought by the settlers against the Indians because the Indians did not want to change their lifestyle. Many Indians and settlers alike died fighting each other when if the English and Spanish had just let the Indians alone there would have been no bloodshed. The Indians used guerilla style warfare to attack the settlers by killing women and children, burning crops and destroying villages. The English had finally had enough, and decided to wage war with the Amerindians. The native inhabitants of America felt great change in their lives as the settlers arrived because the settlers imposed on them their culture and religious views. They treated the Indians like dogs and made them work as slaves for the â€Å"dominant† white race. So in all, the time of the English and Spanish colonization native inhabitants watched as their lives were turned upside down.